CAPÍTULO PRELIMINAR
TIPS FOR PRONOUNCIATION
NUMBERS
AGREEMENT (NOUNS, ARTICLES, and ADJECTIVES)
 
CAPÍTULO UNO
SUBJECT PRONOUNS (PEOPLE WHO DO THINGS)
TELLING TIME: ¿Qué hora es?
-AR VERBS (PRESENT TENSE)
 
CAPÍTULO PRELIMINAR
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TIPS FOR PRONUNCIATION 

1. Pronounce each vowel clearly. 
Remember that each vowel in Spanish is 
A  E  I  O or  U (and Y = I)
ah  eh  ee  oh  oo
2. Pronounce each syllable slowly.
If there is a written accent hit that syllable the hardest.
ADMINISTRACIÓN PARAMÉDICA
ad mi nis tra CIÓN pa ra MÉ di ca
Stress the second to last syllable for unaccented words ending in AEIOUNS
a DUL to  CHE que
fa MI lias se pa RA da
Stress the last syllable for all other unaccented words.
li be RAL con ser va DOR
in ca PAZ u ni ver si DAD
3. Tricky letters.
R = like the dd in Eddy when between vowels. 
para // Potter cara // cotter
when the R comes first, comes last, or is doubled, it is trilled.
Rosa  hablaR buRRo
Z = always like an S.
 
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NUMBERS

   0 cero COMBINED FORMS FOR # UNDER 30
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100 cien(to) * 10 diez  y** 1 uno *** | 11 once 21 veintiuno ***
200 doscientos 20 veinte  2 dos | 12 doce 22 veintidós
300 trescientos 30 treinta  y 3 tres | 13 trece 23 veintitrés
400 cuatrocientos 40 cuarenta 4 cuatro | 14 catorce 24 veinticuatro
500 quinientos  50 cincuenta 5 cinco | 15 quince 25 veinticinco
600 seiscientos 60 sesenta  y 6 seis | 16 dieciséis 26 veintiséis
700 setecientos 70 setenta 7 siete | 17 diecisiete 27 veintisiete
800 ochocientos 80 ochenta 8 ocho | 18 dieciocho 28 veintiocho
900 novecientos 90 noventa  y 9 nueve | 19 diecinueve 29 veintinueve 
 
1000 mil
1.000.000 millón
1.000.000.000 billón (in Spain you will hear mil millónes)
 
* 100 by itself is cien, when followed by a number it takes on ciento form: 101 is ciento uno
** y is used to connect tens and singles only. 35 = treinta y cinco 205 = doscientos cinco
*** when counting things the final o in uno will change to match gender like un / una:
un hombre 1 man una mujer 1 woman
cuarenta y un hombres  41 men treinta y una mujeres 31 women
 
Phone numbers: 
Usually given in clusters of two:
2-24-54-67 dos, veinte y cuatro, cincuenta y cuatro, siete
 
Larger numbers are grouped in 3-digit clusters, just like English.
 
225,472,699,331:
Two hundred twenty-five billion 225, Doscientos veinte y cinco  billones,
four hundred seventy-two million 472, Cuatrocientos setenta y dos  millones
six hundred ninety-nine thousand 699, seiscientos noventa y nueve mil
three hundred thirty-one. 331 trescientos treinta y uno.
 
Years follow the same 3-digit pattern in Spanish, even though English doesn't always do so.
2004
Two thousand 2, Dos mil
four. 004 cuatro
1969 
Nineteen hundred (19) 1, Mil
sixty-nine (69) 969 novecientos sesenta y nueve.
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AGREEMENT (NOUNS, ARTICLES, and ADJECTIVES)

 
NOUNS are people, places, or things. In Spanish all nouns are considered 
male or female, even if they refer to objects that we wouldn't normally 
consider to have a gender.
 
 hombre señora libro casa
 man lady book house
 (male) (female) (male) (female)
 
The words masculine and feminine are usually used to describe gender.
 
NOUNS can be singular (one) or plural (more than one)
 
 hombre señora libro casa
 hombres señoras libros casas
 
MAKING THINGS PLURAL IN SPANISH: see text. 36 explanation A
 
ARTICLES go before a NOUN in Spanish. In English we use the words
 a, an, the, and some for articles:
 
 el hombre la señora un libro una casa
 the man the lady a book a house
 
MOST ADJECTIVES IN SPANISH follow the thing they are describing.
Some will change gender to match and some won't. (If it ends in -e, -l, or -ista,
it probably won't change.) Numbers go before the things they count, but 
only the word for 1 (21, 31, 41, etc.) will change into UN or UNA
 
 el hombre ambicioso, inteligente, romántico y liberal
 the ambitious, intelligent, romantic, liberal man
 
 los hombres ambiciosos, inteligentes, románticos y liberales
 the ambitious, intelligent, romantic, liberal men
 
 las mujeres ambiciosas, inteligentes, románticas y liberales
 the ambitious, intelligent, romantic, liberal women
 
 cuarenta y una mujeres ambiciosas, inteligentes, románticas y liberales
 41 ambitious, intelligent, romantic, liberal women
 
 cuarenta y siete mujeres ambiciosas, inteligentes, románticas y liberales
 47 ambitious, intelligent, romantic, liberal women
 
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CAPÍTULO UNO
SUBJECT PRONOUNS (PEOPLE WHO DO THINGS)

 
In English every sentence has a subject, which is the agent that performs the action of the
sentence. Here are some subjects underlined:
 
The administration wants to talk to you.
I need some money.
Nobody knows my problems.
He went to the store yesterday.
Isn't your problem too serious for our department to help you with?
 
In Latin American Spanish there are five groups of possible subjects:
 
1S 3S 1P
yo  Ud., él, ella nosotros
I  you, (formal), he, she we
 or any single object
 that is neither you nor me
 (the administration, 
 your problem)
 
 
 2S
 tú 
 you (my friend)
 
 
  3P
 Uds., ellos, ellas
 the plural forms of 
 everything that fits up
 in the 3S group
 (the presidents, your problems)
 
I group these pronouns like this because they will come in handy for understanding
how the verbs work in Spanish.
 
 
yo hablo Ud. habla nosotros hablamos
 
 tú hablas
 
 Uds. hablan
 
Notice the T form these verbs make. Notice how the vertical line shares similar forms, 
made different only by the addition of an -S or an -N. Let's look at another verb:
 
yo vengo Ud. viene nosotros venimos
 
 tú vienes
 
 Uds. vienen
 
Notice how even when the top bar of the T has 3 different forms, the center bar stays
the same? You can use this to your advantage when learning these verbs.
 
 
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TELLING TIME: ¿Qué hora es?

 
Model 1: for noon, midnight, times around 1:00
 
 (1:00) EN PUNTO (:xx)
ES LA UNA Y(+) UNO  DE  LA MAÑANA
 MENOS(-) DOS LA TARDE
 TRES LA NOCHE
 QUINCE or CUARTO
 TREINTA or MEDIA 
 MEDIODÍA (noon)
 MEDIANOCHE (night)
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Model 2: for all other times
 
 (x:00) EN PUNTO (:xx)
SON  LAS  DOS Y(+) UNO  DE  LA MAÑANA
 TRES MENOS(-) DOS LA TARDE
 CUATRO TRES LA NOCHE
 CINCO QUINCE or CUARTO
 ... TREINTA or MEDIA 
 DOCE
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Indicating a specific time:
use the model above, replacing ES or SON with A
 
at 5:35 p.m.
A  LAS SEIS  MENOS  VEINTICINCO DE LA TARDE
at 6:00 - (0:25) p.m.
 
 OR (in the digital era...)
 
A  LAS CINCO Y  TREINTA Y CINCO DE LA TARDE
at 5:00 + (0:35) p.m.
 
Indicating a non-specific time:
use POR LA MAÑANA, TARDE o NOCHE.
Generalmente yo estudio por la mañana. (I generally study in the morning.) 
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POSITIVES AND NEGATIVES
 

	positive	generally positive / neutral	generally negative	negative
frequency	siempre todos los días	muchas veces frecuentemente	pocas veces infrecuentemente	nunca (jamás)
people	todo el mundo	alguien alguna persona mucha gente	poca gente	nadie
things	todo	algo		nada
ADJECTIVE		algún hombre alguna mujer algunos libros algunas cosas		ningún hombre ninguna mujer ningún libro ninguna cosa
CONJUNCTION	(y)...y	(o)...o		no(ni)...ni

 
 
 
PROGRESSIVES
 
ESTOY ESTÁ ESTAMOS trabajando con niños.
(I am ) (He/she is) (We are) (working)
 (You are) (formal)
 ESTÁS hablando a los padres.
  (You are) (talking)
 ESTÁN viviendo en México.
 (They are) (living)
 
-always use ESTAR as helping verb
-used less often than in English
 I am working for the Peace Corps.
 Trabajo en el Cuerpo de Paz.
 
 Right now I am studying for my exam.
 Ahora (mismo) estoy estudiando para mi examen.
 
 
-AR verbs take -ANDO, -ER/-IR verbs take -IENDO
 
Review of all verbs in chapters P – 5:
 

DICTIONARY FORM	“I” FORM (yo)	CORE FORM (singular) él, ella, Ud.	“WE” FORM (nosotros)	-NDO FORM (use w/ estar)	MEANING IN ENGLISH (fold this over to test yourself!)
SER	soy	es	somos	SIENDO	to be (time)
		(tú) ERES
		(ellos) SON
IR	voy	va	vamos	YENDO	to go
TENER	tengo	tiene	tenemos	TENIENDO	to have
ANOTAR	anoto	anota	anotamos	anotando	to write down, to take note
ATRAVESAR	atravieso	atraviesa	atravesamos	atravesando	to go through
AYUDAR	ayudo	ayuda	ayudamos