Medieval Developments

Church Organization & Leadership

+Papacy (Bishop of Rome), Vatican

+Pope = God=s Representation on Earth, Apostolic Succession (Peter)

+Matt. 16:18: “And I tell you, you are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church, and the powers of death shall not prevail against it. I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven."

+Today: Papal Infallibility: Affirmed in 1870 decree

St. Augustine, Bishop of Hippo, N. Africa: (354-430):

+Confessions and City of God: "Seek for yourself, O man; search for your true self. He who seeks shall find himself in God."

+Original Sin

Counter-culture: Monasticism & Asceticism

+The Desert Fathers & Simeon Stylites (5^th)

+St. Benedict’s (6^th) Rule at Monte Cassino

+St. Catherine’s Monastery at Mt. Sinai (6^th)

+2^nd largest library of illustrated manuscripts/icons

+St. Jerome (4^th-5th): Latin Bible (Vulgate Bible)

Mary & Saints: Intercession

1)Mary, Mother of God (“Theotokos”)

+Perpetual Virginity; Immaculate Conception; Assumption

+Rosary

Hail Mary: AHail Mary, full of grace. The Lord is with thee. Blessed art thou among women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb, Jesus. Holy Mary, Mother of God, prayer for us sinners, now and at the hour of our death. Amen.@

2)Apparitions of Mary:

1)Our Lady of Lourdes (To Bernadette in 1858)

2)Our Lady of Guadalupe (To Juan Diego in 1531): Patroness of Americas

3)More recent

3)Saints: Apostles, Martyrs, Holy People, Guardians over Certain spheres of life +Relics, Shrines, Pilgrimages, and Feast Days

+e.g. Joan of Arc, Patroness of Soldiers & France; St. Jude, Patron Saint of Lost Causes; St. Lucy, Patroness of Blindness

Conquering & Converting of Europe (map)

Charlemagne, King of Franks, crowned AHoly Roman Emperor@ by Pope Leo III (Christmas Day, 800) (map)

+ACross and Crown@ Symbiosis & Conflict

Eastern Orthodoxy: (chart)

1)Filioque (Aand the son@) controversy: East rejected clause

2)Bishop of Rome’s claim of universal authority

3)Distance: Constantinople/Rome

4)Language/Culture: Latin/Greek

àGreat Schism (1054): E & W Leaders excommunicate each other

Iconoclast controversy (7^th-8^th centuries): “Theology in Color”

+Icons: Venerated Images of Saints/Jesus/Maryà On Iconostasis

Orthodox Style: Greek & Russian & Dress

Rise of Islam in 7^th century

Holy War: Crusades (1095 Pope urges 1st Crusade)

Ooops! Constantinople sacked 1204

Christianity of Head: Christian Scholasticism: University of Paris

1)St. Thomas Aquinas (13^th): Summa Theologica

Christianity of Heart: Christian Mysticism:

1)St. Francis of Assisi (12^th--Italy): Renunciation & Poverty

+Franciscan Order

+Stigmata

Peace Prayer
”Lord, make me an instrument of your peace:
Where there is hatred, let me sow love;
Where there is discord, harmony;
Where there is injury, pardon;
Where there is error, truth;
Where there is doubt, faith;
Where there is despair, hope;
Where there is darkness, light;
Where there is sadness, joy.”

2)St. Teresa of Avila (16^th-Spain): Mystical Marriage to Christ

+Interior Castle

+Carmelite Order